Aging in the elderly Free Essays

There is what people call as the art of getting old. This has probably an element of truth because getting old makes many people seriously inferior, insecure and irritable. To grow old takes wisdom; meaning the aging physical aspects are there but to be gracious about it may help us view our mortality, accept all with humility that limitations are inevitable. We will write a custom essay sample on Aging in the elderly or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many who were once strong and athletic, the reality of losing one’s vigor would seem unacceptable. It’s hard to swallow the negative realism of aging. The simple chores that once were indeed â€Å"simple† have now become impossible tasks to some individuals who were once upon a time, mighty competitors in some events in sports. Running may not be advisable anymore. Walking, the most common movement to a normal functioning individual is difficult when arthritis has already crept into his joints (Smith et al, 1997 in http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004023.htm). Physical changes are natural occurrences of wear and tear and are included in the order of things since time immemorial (Smith, Suzanna et al in Rantanen et al, 1997). This is one of nature’s physical laws that no matter how many technological breakthroughs have been discovered and come to the forefront of human existence, up till now, the best of these man-made intelligent inventions are not able to arrest these signs of deterioration. A senior citizen has to deal with problems such as high blood pressure, the cumulative effects of fatty deposits or cholesterol build up, some parts of the body that almost do not work anymore, and those parts that work may incur pain and a degree of discomfort (Seek wellness, 2000). Physical activity as mentioned, have some benefits to slow down degenerative disorders but are not designed to reverse the course of aging. What is more tragic at times is, whenever people realize that the symptoms of aging are already there, it’s too late for them. They are now coping with regrets for earlier times and opportunities that had passed; these were opportunities supposed to avert and prevent the speedy physical breakdown and enjoy more quality of life in their later years. Aging people have diminished enjoyments in their twilight years because they are subjected to abuse, mistreatment and exploitations simply because they are appraised as frail and inept by the majority. The increasing isolation they are experiencing even from their own children who, oftentimes, relegate them to homes or institutions do not help diminish the perception of their capabilities (Seek wellness, 2000). Regular exercise does help. Because of the many physical changes that occur in aging, a lot of adjustments as well are in order so that the body is better able to cope with these changes. Two major parts of a person’s physique are affected in the aging process; namely, the muscles and bones. Joints and bones’ structure become rigid with age. This causes a decrease in height, a bent posture, and hence, pronounced limitations in movements. The prospect of these changes, however, need not hinder nor discourage a person to establish or maintain a regular regimen. Though it may now hurt to move and stretch one’s joints, to yield to inactivity will all the more result to deterioration and more agony (Smith, in http://nihseniorhealth.gov/exercise/benefitsofexercise/03.html, 2007). Because the tendency of less and less movement goes with aging, and because calcium (a necessary mineral for the bone) is not absorbed into the bones generously as when younger, the resulting consequence is the brittling of the bones, a common cause of skeletal or bone fracture among the elderly. When ligaments connecting bones lose flexibility, it causes pain and discomfort. Older people as compared to younger ones need more cushioned shoes as the fat between the bones of the foot is becoming thinner (______Aging: physical changes). For many of the older or aging individuals the issue about mental health is not affecting them to a significant degree. Problems that commonly beset younger generations such as alcoholism, depression and other illnesses may not necessarily afflict them and in many cases may even be reversed, for instance, dementia, as long as timely treatment is afforded to the patient. Only Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multi-infarct dementia are cases where the patient’s condition is no longer reversible (Papalia et al, 2002). Conclusion Researchers have provided us with much information on how to help and what kind of services are most likely will yield more positive results where the aging issues are concerned. Gleaning from those available informations, here are some helpful suggestions: Outreach Education (Redwood, 2003). This approach is effective. Most of the elderly are just waiting to be helped. Some of them just do not know how to avail with the resources that the government has made available for them. The least that we can do is to assist them with the help of some social workers or personal outreach just to engage them in the options that are available to them such self-maintenance, exercise regimen, diet, healthy outlook towards their aging years, and treatment or case management services (Baker et al,2000). A regular show of care to establish personal relationship in order to encourage them such as what was suggested by Ms. Banks on reading to the elderly (Griffith, 2000) or to receive preventive and treatment and or intervention options (Telford and Rogers, 2003) as well as catering with their various needs are aspects of educating the elderly. Reference: Baker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J. and Patterson, M. 2000. The association between age and health literacy among elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B : Psychological sciences and social sciences 55B (6), S368. Retrieved on August 3, 2007, from Proquest. Griffith, R. W. 2000. Reading to the elderly. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=755. Redwood, Heinz. 2003. Patients Health and Education: How Strong Is the Link? Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=2189. Seek Wellness, 2000. Fitness facts for older Americans. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http://www.seekwellness.com/fitness/fitness_facts.htm. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies. (1997-2005). Aging gracefully–physical activity. Retrieved July 24, 2008. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Fall Hazard Checklist (1987). Clinical Report on Aging,   Ã‚  Ã‚   1, 5. from Physical Changes of Aging National Institute on Aging   Ã‚  Ã‚   (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Rantanen, T., Era, P. Heikkinen, E. (1997). Physical   activity and the changes in maximal isometric strength in men and women from the age of 75 to 80 years. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 1534-1535. Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in National Institute on Aging (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm ______Aging: physical changes. University of Iowa, Hospital and Clinics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accessed in http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/aging/agin4120.html July 24, 2008 Telford, R. and Rogers, A. (2003). What influences elderly peoples decisions about whether to accept the influenza vaccination? A qualitative study. Health Education Research 18 (6), 743. Accessed on July 24, 2008, from Proquest. _____Aging : Outlline, Accessed July 24, 2008 in http://www.baptistonline.org/health/library/agin4120.asp How to cite Aging in the elderly, Papers

Guarantees Under Australian Consumer Law â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Guarantees Under Australian Consumer Law? Answer: Introducation The Australian Consumer Law is provided in Schedule 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2010 (Cth). The law is applicable on all business transactions in Australia which have a value of below $40000. However on products which have the value of more than $40000 the ACL is applicable in case marketing products have been purchased solely for domestic and household purposes. As provided by the ACL products and services when purchased have implied guarantees that they would be in accordance to what have been asked for or what is generally expected from the products. In case such implied guarantees are not present in relation to goods and services the customers can exercise their consumer rights. Under Consumer Warranties a product must be that of an acceptable quality, must look acceptable and must be in relation to what is reasonable expected from them. The goods have to be appropriate for the use they were requested for. All extra promises made along with the goods also have to be met by the sellers. It is expressly provided by the ACL that any attempts by a seller to not include consumer warranties in a contract are regarded as void. The failure by a seller to repair or replace the goods, not providing cost of replacement or equivalent goods or not providing payment for repairs is regarded as an attempt to restrict the liability for consumer guarantees. In the case of Campbell v Lane (No 2) [2013] QCATA 307 it was ruled by the court that the goods sold by a seller have to be reasonably fit for the disclose purpose. If the words are not fit for the purpose which have been discussed by the buyer while purchasing the words it would be a breach of consumer guarantees and the buyers would be entitled to compensation. In the case of Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCATA 047 it was provided by the code that the inclusion of an exclusion clause into a contract with restrict the liability of the trader to make a refund in relation to the goods was not a valid term of the contract as consumer guarantees cannot be avoided so the inclusion of an exclusion clause. Application In this case Riviera had clearly provided to QB4 while making the contract that young children are coming along with her and the company should make necessary arrangements to provide them very girls which are safe and suitable for them. However the vehicles which were provided to the children hard faulty economics and design problems with respect to the manufacturers Tetrabikes. The vehicle was also not suitable for young children and was designed for an age group of 12 to 15 years old teenagers. Riviera child Kang was injured because of the use of such vehicle. Therefore in this case it is clear that the goods provided by QB4 did not match the requirements which were mentioned by Riviera. In addition her child have suffered injuries. Therefore as per the rules of consumer guarantees she is entitled to a refund as well as compensation for the injury caused to her child. As discussed by the principles in the above case it is clear that an exclusion clause cannot be incorporated into the contract which has been made to exclude the liability copper cellar with respect to consumer guarantees. Therefore the exclusion clause which Quad bikes attempted to add into the contract to evade the liability with respect to damage or loss to the customers would not be held as a valid term of the contract. In certain circumstances a contract is team to be discharged as a super winning situation which is not in the control of the parties to a contract has occurred. According to the case of Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 where there is a contract between Y and Z where Y consents to hire Zs property on a specific night may result in a frustrated contract in case because of Fire the property is destroyed before the performance date of contract arrived. Only limited circumstances is doctrine of frustration is applicable. In relation to frustration the courts are mostly and synthetic in case the event would have been anticipated by the parties and the parties may have taken specific actions against it polka Akcyjna v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd. [I9431 A.C. 32 According to the provisions of common law incase frustration of contract established it results in automatic termination of the contract no option to discharge or to perform therefore exists at common law. The loss which has resulted out of such frustration as per the rules of common law lies where it falls according to Cantiare San Rocco S.A. v Clyde Shipbuilding Engineering Co. Ltd. (1924) A.C. 226. In case of frustration of contract the court must be satisfied that there is no provision in the contract with states that the contract would continue even if such event has occurred. However there is an exception to the common law rule of frustration provided by the Frustrated Contract Act 1978 NSW. That states that frustration discharges the promise but only to the extent which is required to help a claim for damages for violation prior to frustration In the given Nicky has gone into a contract with PMSC to provide them a Boat which is one of a kind so that she can take the children to see penguins. However after two trips it has been provided that as per the new regulations come into effect the boat has to undergo safety alterations and would not be able to operate for 3 months. It can be clearly provided that these circumstances beyond the control of both the parties to the contract as such implementations of laws would not have been forcing by either party to the contract. Such circumstances it can be provided that PMSC has the right to terminate the contract through the doctrine of frustration. In this case Nicky is not entitled to get the money she has paid to PMSC for the contract as she has already availed to trips. However Nicky according to the above discussed rules is entitled to claim $800 as she has paid $2000 and both the trips only cost $1200. Conclusion PMSC can terminate contract through frustration Nicky is entitled to receive compensation of $800 References Akcyjna v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd. [I9431 Accounting. 32 Campbell v Lane (No 2) [2013] QCATA 307 Cantiare San Rocco S.A. v Clyde Shipbuilding Engineering Co. management. (1924) A.C. 226. Frustrated Contract Act 1978 NSW Norman Enterprises Pty Ltd Leimo Australia v Deng [2013] QCATA 047 Schedule 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 2010 (Cth). Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3

Robert Browning (2215 words) Essay Example For Students

Robert Browning (2215 words) Essay Robert BrowningRobert Browning, one of the most talented poets of the Victorian period, is famous especially for his dramatic monologues. Often these long poems deal with such issues as love, death, and faith. Much of his work is directly reflective of his life and of those issues that were of direct concern to him. One conflict seen throughout Brownings poetry is one of spirituality. His poetry forms a spiritual timeline; it reveals his spiritual influences and opinions. It formed his own Bible of beliefs which he possessed. Because Brownings views on spirituality changed, his poetry also gives insight on the internal conflicts within his life. The paper will explore Robert Brownings spiritual journey as is reflective in his poetry. Robert Browning was born in Camberwell, near London, England on May 7, 1812. He was raised by his father, also Robert Browning, and by his deeply religious mother, Sarah Anna Weideman-Browning. His often indulgent parents gave him the freedom to explore new literary and philosophical ideas of the time period, yet he was also instructed to believe the unexplained mysteries of the Christian faith(Miller, 1953). His mother, who had strong ties to the congregational church, took great time to instruct Robert in his religious studies. With this open atmosphere, however, Browning exhibited signs of disinterest in religion during his early childhood. The town preacher, in fact , found it necessary to publicly scold for restlessness and inattention Master Robert Browning(as cited in,Miller, 1953, p.9). Robert Brownings tendency toward skepticism was recorded early on. Robert Brownings first deviation from his faith was at the age of fifteen or sixteen. His primary influences were the Flower family and the writing of P.B Shelley. Browning often traveled to the Flowers house to discuss music, poetry, and aethism (Irvine Honan, 1974). Eliza Flower , with whom Browning was infatuated was an influence in Brownings aethism. She was one of the primary influences that turned Browning away from the Christianity of his mother. His other influence, the writing of Shelley, a known aethist, taught Browning to be an independent free thinker. After reading Shelleys book, Queen Mab , Browning became an aethist and a vegetarian(DeVane Smalley, 1984). He rejected his mothers world to gain a sense of liberty and independence(Irvine ; Honan, 1974). This faith change at such an early age seemed to lead to a continual spiritual inconsistency throughout his life. Browning had trouble accepting any faith or religion he chose to follow and often questioned his judgment in faith related decisions. Robert Browning considered Shelley to be moral because he was true, simple hearted and brave(cited in Payne, 1967, p.198). He found him to also be a man of religious mind because Shelley was everywhere taking for granted some of the capital dogmas of Christianity, while most vehemently denying their historical basement (cited in Payne, 1967, p.199). Browning clearly possessed a great respect for Shelley which followed him through much of his early poetry. Brownings life was fundamentally affected(Miller, 1953, p.9) by the Shelleys writing. During his adolescence, Browning may have recognized Shelleys, fearless spiritual independence(Miller, 1953, p.9). He noticed a principal of conduct whereby to measure in the years to come not only the sum of his own poetic achievement but the very nature of human integrity itself(Miller, 1953, p.9). Although there is no available poetry written before his first published work, Pauline, his early aethism is still reflec ted in his early poetry. Robert Browning eloped to Italy with Elizabeth Barret. Upon meeting his extremely religious wife and with her persuasion, Browning began to realize that Shelleys poetry had led him to a life of self-absorption. Yet, Robert took a skeptical attitude on the spiritual rappings, spurred on perhaps by his wifes immediate will to believe(Markus,1995, p.219). Eventually, though, Robert Browning made the decision to return to his Christian faith, perhaps due to his respect for his deeply religious mother or to the persuasion by his spiritually inclined wife. It is said that Elizabeth, Brownings wife, believed that spiritualism offered an alternative to melancholy: an assurance reinforcing faith(Miller, 1953, p.192). Browning, however was often skeptical of his wifes spiritualism. Despite this, Pauline reveals a return to God, but also displays an undying reverence to Shelley. Pauline, Robert Brownings first published work, was published in 1832. Pauline was undisputedly representative of Brownings reacceptance of Christianity. Some critics believe that his mothers reaction to his intellectual rebellion was probable one of the major factors in Brownings return to faith(Williams,1970, p.19). Others agree that the unbending spiritual beliefs of his wife may have led him down such a road(Miller, 1953)). The exerpt in Pauline most clearly representing this is the conclusion which is also an invocation to Shelly. sun treader I believe in God and truth and love; and as one just escaped from death Enemy A Seperate Peace EssayAs Browning became older, death became an ever present danger. He was confronted with the thought of hell condemnation and a fear of the existence of God. Rather than attempting to find secular peace, Robert Browning turned his heart and soul toward the Church and all of its principles. He was able to accept Christian dogma and believed in God as a part of his life, rather than death. As explained in Poetry Criticism:Browning concludes his long years of scrutiny not in a theodicy, but in a reaffirmation of his personal faith in God and the indestructibility of the soul. Not what God means in this vast universe, but what God means to him, Robert Browning, and to all believing souls, is the sum and substance of it all. (p.69)Browning lived his life with the concept of a God present always in the world. (DeVane and Smalley, 1984). His faith was not a philosophy or religion, but rather involved intuition. Browning discerned what God meant to him and what app lication it had on his life. His real theme in his poetry was a God in the spirit of the individual(Markus, 1995 p.221). From his experiences,as expressed by professor Royce, Browning met, in his own way, the problems set before him not only by tradition, the Christian conception of God (cited in Payne,1967, p. 200). Robert Brownings spiritual journey was not one of disinterest but one of great meditation and thought. Browning appeared to take time contemplating his spiritual beliefs. In his poetry, there is evidence of God and Christianity in both positive and negative aspects. Both aspects helped Browning to make faith decisions and come to a conclusion that could leave him in peace. Robert Browning died December 12, 1889. He faced death with genuine knowledge of his beliefs concluding a long and conflictory study of his faith through the poetry he wrote. The following poem is an accurate expression of the spiritual conclusion that Browning finally came to and freely accepted toward the end of his life. ProspiceFear death? to feel the fog in my throat,The mist in my face,When the snows begin, and the blasts denoteI am nearing the place,The power of the night, the press of the storm,The post of the foe;Where he stands, the Arch Fear in a visible form,Yet the strong man must go: For the journey is done and summit attained,And the barriers fall,Though a battles to fight ere the guerdon be gained,The reward of it all. I was ever a fighter, so one fight more,The best and the last!I would hate that death bandaged my eyes, and forboreAnd bade me creep past. No! let me taste the whole of it, fare like my peersThe heroes of old,Bear the brunt, in a minute pay glad lifes arreaesOf pain, darkness, and old,For sudden the worst turns the best to the brave,The black minutes at end,And the elements rage, the fiend-voices that rave,Shall dwindle, shall blend,Shall change, shall become first a piece out of pain,Then a light, then thy breast,O thou soul of my soul! I shall clasp thee again,And with God be the rest!Biographies

Tribulations Essays - 9, DraftZoro 4 Eva, Nicola DOnofrio

Tribulations He always loved his gin in the morning, noon, and night; it came to him like water and it was impossible for him to leave home without it. No one could ever sway him from his essential life fluid. It wouldn't matter whether you cried, pleaded, or begged on your two knees, he would not stop. He only started to drink this much when he was 35 and I was about 9 at the time, no one could explain this drastic change in him. Before, he used to drink often but now, it's just crazy how much he drinks. Also, when he did this he stayed more to himself than usual. His routine was mapped the same way day after day- go to work, come home, drink, eat, and sleep. Talking became alien to us because my mom and I was angry at him for not wanting to take care of himself better and he was angry with us for putting so much pressure on him to find out what's wrong. Anyone was lucky if they see a smile on our faces at any point because there were barely any happy moments and there was constant fighting. Arguments took over any type of talking we had to have with each other. After a while, it didn't matter if we tried to talk because it seemed as if we all fixed our schedules so we only had to spend as little time as possible with one another with the exception of having someone in the house in case of an emergency when he became sick. I could see the pain my mom was going through around this time. She was such a cheerful woman who always used to come home with a smile no matter how hard her day was. Now, all you saw was sadness as if someone just killed her soul. She seemed like she wanted to cry each time she stepped into the house. Her mind seemed to drift when she came home like she was in a coma. I knew she didn't want to live this life anymore by the way she dragged herself into the house, by the way she talks with dreariness and by her glassy eyes whenever she loked at me. For almost a year before we found out about his illness, we had to cope with dealing with the continuous pains he used to have around his stomach area. During his sick spells, he constantly vomited and basically screamed for his dear life because of the strain it was putting on his heart. His screams were so loud our neighbors once had to come over to see what was going on with the thought that someone was being tortured. The doctor said he didn't know how he was still alive today because he barely had a liver to live on and with the continued strain on his heart, he should be dead right now. He never wanted to go to the hospital even though we tried to sign him in but without the persons' consent; there was no way for the hospital to keep him. The last time we tried, we rushed him to the hospital in the middle of the night because he was coughing up blood, which was the first time then. The hospital took him in and kept him overnight. Our doctor wanted to keep him there to try to help his symptoms and we acknowledged for the permission to keep him. But apparently, my father had no intentions on staying because when my mother and I came home from work the next day, we saw him lying on his bed nonchalantly watching television with a drink in his hand. Then came December 29th, 1991, he's been in the same condition over the year and grown worse. His skin color has gotten pale and his body weight dropped a drastic 43 pounds. He was barely capable of talking or walking on his own two feet. My grandmother, who was his mother, could barely stay with him for an entire five minutes without crying because all anyone could see in his face then was the pain he had gone through. Today and throughout the night, we didn't get any rest because his pains got stronger and stronger. He was vomiting blood and actually had blood tears from his eyes. His eyes became bloodshot and his veins were outlined through his skin through the stress it was causing on him. We had

10 Pairs of Words and Their Useful Distinctions

10 Pairs of Words and Their Useful Distinctions 10 Pairs of Words and Their Useful Distinctions 10 Pairs of Words and Their Useful Distinctions By Mark Nichol Writers should take care when determining which word among two or more synonyms or near synonyms to employ, because the sense of a word can be subtly or significantly different from that of a similar term, as the following examples illustrate. 1. Childish/Childlike Childish refers to immature behavior characteristic of a child, while childlike pertains to more positive qualities such as innocence and curiosity. 2. Illegible/Unreadable Something that is difficult to read because the text has been damaged or obscured is illegible or unreadable, but the latter term may alternatively refer to the poor quality of the content. 3. Incomparable/Uncomparable Incomparable is used as an intensifier to mean that the person, place, or thing so described is so excellent that no other person, place, or thing can compare; uncomparable, meanwhile, means that something about the person, place, or thing prevents it from being compared to someone, someplace, or something else. 4. Inequality/Inequity Inequality has a quantitative connotation; inequity implies an inequality borne of injustice or unfairness. However, inequality also has this sense in sociological contexts, as in references to gender or racial discrimination. 5. Inexplicable and Unexplainable These words are nearly identical in meaning, but inexplicable has developed a unique connotation of an illogical or irrational quality, as in references to odd behavior or supernatural phenomena. 6. Invaluable/Valuable Something valuable has value; something invaluable has value that, because of its quality or intangible importance, cannot be quantified. 7. Lonely/Lonesome Lonely and lonesome are nearly synonymous, but while lonely simply means â€Å"desiring companionship,† lonesome can have a slightly different connotation, one that is more existential or philosophical although, contradictorily, it is also more colloquial. Lonesome is also sometimes used to refer to a desolate landscape, as in â€Å"the lonesome prairie.† 8. Melted/Molten Something that has melted has, often because of heat, changed from a solid state to a liquid state; something that is molten is presently in a liquid state due to melting. The connotation is of extremely hot liquid, such as steel or lava, and the term also refers figuratively to a glowing quality. 9. Misinformed/Uninformed Someone who is misinformed has received erroneous information, whereas someone who is uninformed lacks information. 10. Nauseating/Nauseous Someone or something that is nauseating causes nausea; someone who is nauseated is experiencing nausea. This distinction is often not observed in colloquial writing, but careful writers maintain it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeAwoken or Awakened?35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

Child abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Child abuse - Essay Example He therefore recommends that parents should be treated alongside their children through the use of therapeutic techniques that will make them more sensitive to each other's needs. This is followed by a research into the effectiveness of home-visits by social welfare units in checking child abuse. The final paper examined is the writing of Dr. Jim Hooper about statistics into child abuse and why children are not reporting abuses. The paper ends by making recommendations based on these empirical findings of these authorities. Keywords: Child abuse, culture, society, community, violence, sexual abuse Introduction Child abuse is a major problem that affects the growth of children. Oates (1996, p2) defines child abuse as any non-accidental injury; physical, emotional or sexual that a child suffers from acts or omissions on the part of his or her parents or guardians. Child abuse exists in four main forms (Harelin, 2000 p6). There is the physical abuse which involves actions that harms the body of a child like hitting, kicking, slapping and punching. Usually, physical abuse leaves injuries to a child. There is the emotional abuse which includes anything said or done to hurt a child's feelings or self esteem. Examples include frequent blaming, insult and shouting. Harelin states that this is the most destructive form of abuse to children. There is neglect which involves ignoring or choosing not to take care of a child's basic needs like food, shelter and clothing (Harelin, 2006, p7). Finally, there is the issue of sexual abuse which involves the use of actions related to sex to harm a child. Examples include rape, incest and child pornography. These four forms of child abuse are universally accepted as wrong and destructive. Many nations, under the auspices of the United Nations have laws that make these four practices illegal. There are also issues that can be technically defined as child abuse, but its inclusion in statutes is quite controversial (Matthews 2004 p396 ). This include withholding medical care to children, corporal punishment and child maltreatment in youth sports. Several studies have been conducted into child abuse that aim at diagnosing and providing a cue to how the issue of child abuse can be solved using empirical studies. This paper examines four of such studies Children, Childhoods & Violence by Jill Korbin In this article, Jill Korbin identifies the link between culture, the society and child abuse. Korbin therefore uses her in-depth knowledge in anthropology to identify the intervention points of child abuse and the real society. She tries to diagnose the issue of child abuse and measure how it finds its way into the society and vice versa. In other words, she looks at the sociological push and pull factors that brings about the issue of child abuse in societies around the world. In setting the parameters of her discussion, Korbin states that the dynamics of the violent treatment of children can be categorized into settin g, perpetrators, type, severity, age and gender, as well as the cultural context (p431). With these yardsticks, the concept could be examined in a given society either individually or collectively. Korbin states that child abuse could flourish in a given society due to three main factors: cultural promoters, cultural categorization/discrimination and structural violence (p437). Cultural promoters like idiosyncrasies, which include things that

Coke and Pepsi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coke and Pepsi - Assignment Example In terms of competition for market share, Sodastream hasn’t really threatened the domination of Coke and Pepsi. In the last 2 years, what Sodastream has simply done is to demystify the aura around soda and carbonated soft drinks. By selling syrup directly to its consumers, Sodastream has show the market that there really is nothing â€Å"fancy† about CSDs and that the capability to make your own soda at home should be more attractive, and cheaper, than having to buy readymade soda. Sodastream has always branded and marketed itself as the best environmentally friendly option to Coke and Pepsi’s CSDs. The effect of this has been that the two giants have had to increase their advertising expenditure in order to maintain their positions, keep the status quo as it should be. Sodastream’s recent Super Bowl ad managed to ruffle feathers at Coke and Pepsi because of its insinuation that Coke and Pepsi’s level of environmental consciousness was poor and unfa vorable. The ad managed to get more than enough attention, but did not run on CBS, which is a big advertising platform for both Coke and Pepsi. In summary, Coke and Pepsi have had to be more aggressive in their advertising lest Sodastream continue eating into their market share. If Sodastream is able to continue growing CSDs would still dominate, but competition would be much stiffer. All factors considered, CSDs are not going anywhere anytime soon, regardless of the new entrants. The focus on emerging markets and new products should intensify, to improve both revenues and profits from new products such as non-carbonated drinks tailored to specific markets. Exhibit 9 reveals that non-CSD drinks have as much potential as CSDs, it is only that CSDs have been the mainstay of the two companies for a long time. It is interesting to note that in places like Europe CSDs are not as popular as they are in America and Asia. Such markets can be used